Allusion as a Strategy of Audience Influence: the Manipulative Potential of Media Narrative in the Film “Superman”

Abstract

In a sociocommunicative environment, social media often contributes to the polarization of public opinion and the creation of information bubbles, limiting the spread of factual information. In contrast, artistic media–particularly blockbuster films–can reach broad and diverse audiences regardless of their age, education, or political stance. The film industry is thus capable of promoting specific narratives to the masses, often subtly shaping public discourse. This article examines the manipulative potential of allusion as a narrative technique in feature films, using Superman(2025) as a case study. Allusion is defined here as a stylistic reference to well-known historical, cultural, or political phenomena, enabling the creation of additional layers of meaning without overt exposition. Such references may function as instruments of covert emotional and ideological influence, even within fictional storylines. The study aims to identify how allusions contribute to emotional engagement and enhance ideological framing in film narratives. The methodology integrates content analysis, critical discourse analysis, and elements of cognitive linguistics to interpret allusive codes and their function within the film’s structure. Special focus is given to references involving immigration, war, digital surveillance, xenophobia, and journalism, which are conveyed through intertextuality, symbolism, and visual metaphor. The findings suggest that allusions can strengthen emotional resonance and reinforce desired social or political positions. Even when viewers recognize the content as fictional, familiar allusions evoke trust and cognitive alignment. The article concludes by emphasizing the need for critical awareness of allusion as a potential tool of manipulation in contemporary media discourse.